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备战高考:高中英语语法重点难点解析归纳

时间:2021-03-30 14:41:56     作者:高考加油站

备战高考:高中英语语法重点难点解析归纳

  主谓一致常考难题:

  Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.

  Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture.

  Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.

  Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.

  Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.

  一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。

  但如果主语用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.

  并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:

  Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.

  Thegirl'steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.

  Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.

  Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.

  Aknifeandforkisonthetable.

  当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:

  Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.

  Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.

  Anumberof修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:

  Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.

  Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.

  季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称,球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。

  1/2onehalf1/4onequarter

  形容词的顺序:

  系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定词+数量形容词+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料

  Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable

  某些以a-开首的形容词例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表语,不能作定语。

  某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。

  1)close接近地closely仔细地,密切地

  2)free免费地freely自由地,无拘束地

  3)hard努力地hardly几乎不

  4)late晚,迟lately近来

  5)most极,非常mostly主要地

  6)wide广阔地,充分地widely广泛地

  7)high高highly高度地,非常地

  8)deep深,迟deeply抽象意义的“深”

  9)loud大声地loudly大声地

  10)near邻近nearly几乎

  bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast

  表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示:Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.

  表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修饰:Heworksevenharderthanbefore.

  注意:byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加"the"。

  Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.

  Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.

  某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than.superior,junior,senior等。

  HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics.

  在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that,one代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。例如:

  Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.

  Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.

  表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:

  AisthreetimesthesizeofB.

  Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesizeoftheoldone.

  这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大。[高三倍]

  AisthreetimesasbigasB.

  AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。

  AisthreetimesbiggerthanB.

  例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.

  你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

  表示两倍可以用twice或double.

  表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。

  如果复数名词前有many、few,不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such.如:

  I'vehadsomanyfallsthatI'mblackandblueallover.

  MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.

  但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such.如:

  Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.

  6)almost与nearly

  在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost.例如:

  I'mnotnearlyready.

  在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly.例如:

  Ialmostneverseeher.

  need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如:

  Youneedn'tcomesoearly.

  NeedIfinishtheworktoday?--Yes,youmust.

  注意:needn'thavedone“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如:Youneedn'thavewaitedforme.

  "shouldhavedone"表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。

  Youshouldhavestartedearlier.

  "oughttohavedone"表示过去应做某事而实际未做。

  Yououghttohavehelpedhim

  书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。

  表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。

  有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:

  Theclothwasheswell.这布很经洗。

  Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。

  Thepenwriteswell.这支笔很好写。

  在动词arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“+动词原形”例如:

  Wesuggestedthatwehaveameeting.

  Weinsistedthattheygowithus.

  Thedoctororderedthatshestayinbedforafewdays.

  Hedemandedthatwestartrightaway.

  作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“+动词原形”。例如:WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatwegotoBeijingforsightseeing.

  Myideaisthatwedoexercisesfirst.

  在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to.但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to.例如:Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.

  Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.

  注意:不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如:

  Shecoulddonothingbutcry.

  Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?

  Ihavenochoicebuttogo.

  作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:Heislookingforaroomtolivein.

  Thereisnothingtoworryabout.

  Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.

  There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.

  动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:

  admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can'thelp,can'tstand等。

  Itriednottogothere.

  Itrieddoingitagain.]

  meantodo有意……meandoing意味着……

  Imeantocomeearlytoday.

  Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.

  allow,advise,forbid,permit

  Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Wedon'tallowstudentstosmoke.

  动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如:

  Thewindowneedscleaning.

  在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的动词也必须用动名词形式:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.

  Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.

  Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.

  Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn'tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.

  Askedtostay,Icouldn'tverywellrefuse.

  这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不会有歧义。

  下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:

  Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。

  United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存,分裂则亡。

  HeusedtoliveinLondon,usen'the/didn'the?

  Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usen'tthere/didn'tthere?

  Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?

  Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'the?

  但在正式文体中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:

  Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?

  含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn't.若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't十主语,例如:Youmustbetired,aren'tyou?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn't.例如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn'tyou?

  当mustn't表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must.如:

  Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?

  前句谓语动词是musthave+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测,疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven't+主语,例如:

  Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn'the?

  Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven'tyou?

  陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时,疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn'the?

  如果陈述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如:Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?

  如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,noone等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they.

  Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn'the?

  Everyoneknowstheirjob,don'tthey?

  Noonewashurt,werethey?

  I'mlate,aren'tI?

  Onecan'tbetoocareful,canone?

  Haveacupoftea,willyou?

  Let'sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?

  同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。连接词用that及连接副词how,when,where,why等。例如:

  Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.

  Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.

  Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.

  关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:

  A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:

  Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.

  Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.

  B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether.例如:

  Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn'tbeendecidedyet.

  Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhetherweshallattendthemeeting.

  C)在介词之后。例如:

  Italldependswhethertheywillsupportus.

  D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。

  Hedoesn'tknowwhethertostayornot.

  E)后面紧接ornot时。

  Wedidn'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.

  F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether.

  Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.

  G)用if会引起歧义时。例如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.

  该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。

  或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。

  在下面几种情况下必须用"that"引导定语从句:

  1)先行词是不定代词:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.

  2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。

  ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.

  3)先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修饰。

  Ihavereadallthebookyougaveme.

  4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。

  HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.

  5)先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.

  先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that,否则用where.

  Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.

  Thisisthehousethathevisitedlastyear.

  用nosooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.

  代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.

  当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。

  Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.

  Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.

  表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。

  PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.

  GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.

  AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.

  HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.

  LiWeican'tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.

  部分倒装

  用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.

  3.用于“形容词+as引导的让步状语从句中。例如:Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.

  Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.

  如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。

  Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.

  用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.

  用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等词开头的句子。

  NevershallIdothisagain.

  Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.

  6.用于以only开头的句子。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.

  OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.

  OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.

  如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。

  OnlyWangLingknowsthis.

  用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!

  stomach-stomachs,aGerman-threeGermans,

  anAmerican-twoAmericans,mancook-mencooks;

  papers报纸,文件manners礼貌drinks饮料

  inaword简言之?inotherwords换句话说

  havewordswith与某人吵嘴

  haveafewwordswithsb.与某人说几句话

  Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.

  某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.

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